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近代 jìn dài the not-very-distant past / modern times, excluding recent decades / (in the context of Chinese history) the period from the Opium Wars until the May 4th Movement (mid-19th century to 1919) / capitalist times (pre-1949)
战争 zhàn zhēng war; conflict / CL:場|场[chang2],次[ci4]
大事 shì major event / major political event (war or change of regime) / major social event (wedding or funeral) / (do sth) in a big way / CL:件[jian4],樁|桩[zhuang1]
打仗 zhàng to fight a battle / to go to war
冷战 lěng zhàn cold war / (fig.) strained relationship / to be barely on speaking terms
干戈 gān weapons of war / arms
郭小川 Guō Xiǎo chuān Guo Xiaochuan (1919-1976), PRC communist poet, hero in the war with Japan, died after long persecution during Cultural Revolution
普法战争 Zhàn zhēng Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
化干戈为玉帛 huà gān wéi lit. to exchange weapons of war for gifts of jade and silk (idiom) / fig. to turn hostility into friendship
史迪威 Shǐ wēi Joseph Stilwell (1883-1946), commander of US forces in China, Burma and India in World War II
霞飞 Xiá fēi Joseph Joffre (1852-1931), leading French general at the start of World War One
兵部 Bīng Ministry of War (in imperial China)
战利品 zhàn pǐn spoils of war
战国 Zhàn guó the Warring States period (475-221 BC)
函谷关 Hán Guān Hangu Pass in modern day Henan Province, strategic pass forming the eastern gate of the Qin State during the Warring States Period (770-221 BC)
夷门 mén the Yi gate of 大梁, capital of Wei 魏 during Warring states
孙子 Sūn Sun Tzu, also known as Sun Wu 孫武|孙武[Sun1 Wu3] (c. 500 BC, dates of birth and death uncertain), general, strategist and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period (700-475 BC), believed to be the author of the “Art of War” 孫子兵法|孙子兵法[Sun1 zi3 Bing1 fa3], one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書|武经七书[Wu3 jing1 Qi1 shu1]
Zhào surname Zhao / one of the seven states during the Warring States period (476–220 BC) / the Former Zhao 前趙|前赵[Qian2 Zhao4] (304–329) and Later Zhao 後趙|后赵[Hou4 Zhao4] (319–350), states of the Sixteen Kingdoms
陪都 péi provisional capital of a country (e.g. in time of war) / secondary capital / alternative capital
war chariot (archaic) / rook (in Chinese chess) / rook (in chess)
zhàn to fight / fight / war / battle
置之死地而后生 zhì zhī ér hòu shēng (idiom based on Sunzi's "The Art of War" 孫子兵法|孙子兵法[Sun1 zi3 Bing1 fa3]) to deploy one's troops in such a way that there is no possibility of retreat, so that they will fight for their lives and win the battle; to fight desperately when confronted with mortal danger; to find a way to emerge from a dire situation
波恩 ēn Bonn, a small town on the Rhine, Cold War capital of West Germany 1949-1990
新军 Xīn jūn New Armies (modernized Qing armies, trained and equipped according to Western standards, founded after Japan's victory in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895)
不战不和 zhàn neither war nor peace


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