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| 前 | qián | front / forward / ahead / first / top (followed by a number) / future / ago / before / BC (e.g. 前293年) / former / formerly |
| 儒家 | Rú jiā | Confucian school, founded by Confucius 孔子[Kong3 zi3] (551-479 BC) and Mencius 孟子[Meng4 zi3] (c. 372-c. 289 BC) |
| 周成王 | Zhōu Chéng wáng | King Cheng of Zhou (1055-1021 BC), reigned 1042-1021 BC as the 2nd king of Western Zhou 西周[Xi1 Zhou1], son of King Wu of Zhou 周武王[Zhou1 Wu3 wang2] |
| 颛顼 | Zhuān xū | Zhuanxu, one of the Five Legendary Emperors 五帝[wu3 di4], grandson of the Yellow Emperor 黃帝|黄帝[Huang2 di4], trad. reigned 2513-2435 BC |
| 曾子 | Zēng zǐ | Zengzi (505-435 BC), student of Confucius, presumed editor or author of Confucian classic the Great Learning 大學|大学[Da4 xue2] |
| 商 | Shāng | Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC) / surname Shang |
| 秦汉 | Qín Hàn | the Qin (221-207 BC) and Han (206 BC-220 AD) dynasties |
| 神农 | Shén nóng | Shennong or Farmer God (c. 2000 BC), first of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝[Yan2 di4] and creator of agriculture |
| 周公 | Zhōu gōng | Duke of Zhou (11th c. BC), son of King Wen of Zhou 周文王[Zhou1 Wen2 wang2], played an important role as regent in founding the Western Zhou 西周[Xi1 Zhou1], and is also known as the "God of Dreams" |
| 东西周 | Dōng Xī Zhōu | Western Zhou (1045-771 BC) and Eastern Zhou (770-256 BC) |
| 春秋 | Chūn qiū | Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) / Spring and Autumn Annals, chronicle of Lu State (722-481 BC) |
| 战国 | Zhàn guó | the Warring States period (475-221 BC) |
| 启 | Qǐ | Qi son of Yu the Great 禹[Yu3], reported founder of the Xia Dynasty 夏朝[Xia4 Chao2] (c. 2070-c. 1600 BC) |
| 孔子 | Kǒng zǐ | Confucius (551-479 BC), Chinese thinker and social philosopher, also known as 孔夫子[Kong3 fu1 zi3] |
| 西汉 | Xī Hàn | Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-8 AD), also called 前漢|前汉[Qian2 Han4], Former Han Dynasty |
| 绛 | Jiàng | capital of the Jin State during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-475 BC) |
| 叙利亚文 | Xù lì yà wén | Syriac language (from c. 2nd century BC) / the Syriac script |
| 夏朝 | Xià cháo | Xia Dynasty (2070-1600 BC) |
| 函谷关 | Hán gǔ Guān | Hangu Pass in modern day Henan Province, strategic pass forming the eastern gate of the Qin State during the Warring States Period (770-221 BC) |
| 孙子 | Sūn zǐ | Sun Tzu, also known as Sun Wu 孫武|孙武[Sun1 Wu3] (c. 500 BC, dates of birth and death uncertain), general, strategist and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period (700-475 BC), believed to be the author of the “Art of War” 孫子兵法|孙子兵法[Sun1 zi3 Bing1 fa3], one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書|武经七书[Wu3 jing1 Qi1 shu1] |
| 吴王阖庐 | Wú wáng Hé Lú | King Helu of Wu (-496 BC, reigned 514-496 BC) / also called 吳王闔閭|吴王阖闾 |
| 陈胜 | Chén Shèng | Chen Sheng (died 208 BC), Qin dynasty rebel, leader of the Chen Sheng Wu Guang Uprising 陳勝吳廣起義|陈胜吴广起义[Chen2 Sheng4 Wu2 Guang3 Qi3 yi4] |
| 姬 | Jī | surname Ji / family name of the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty 周代[Zhou1 dai4] (1046–256 BC) |
| 赵 | Zhào | surname Zhao / one of the seven states during the Warring States period (476–220 BC) / the Former Zhao 前趙|前赵[Qian2 Zhao4] (304–329) and Later Zhao 後趙|后赵[Hou4 Zhao4] (319–350), states of the Sixteen Kingdoms |
| 西元前 | xī yuán qián | BCE (before the Common Era) / BC (before Christ) |