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| 前 | qián | front / forward / ahead / first / top (followed by a number) / future / ago / before / BC (e.g. 前293年) / former / formerly |
| 儒家 | Rú jiā | Confucian school, founded by Confucius 孔子[Kong3 zi3] (551-479 BC) and Mencius 孟子[Meng4 zi3] (c. 372-c. 289 BC) |
| 商 | Shāng | Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BC) / surname Shang |
| 陈 | Chén | surname Chen / Chen (c. 1045 - 479 BC), a Zhou dynasty state / Chen (557-589), one of the Southern Dynasties 南朝[Nan2 Chao2] |
| 克 | Kè | Ke (c. 2000 BC), seventh of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝[Yan2 di4] descended from Shennong 神農|神农[Shen2 nong2] Farmer God |
| 明 | Míng | Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) / surname Ming / Ming (c. 2000 BC), fourth of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝[Yan2di4] descended from Shennong 神農|神农[Shen2nong2] Farmer God |
| 周公 | Zhōu gōng | Duke of Zhou (11th c. BC), son of King Wen of Zhou 周文王[Zhou1 Wen2 wang2], played an important role as regent in founding the Western Zhou 西周[Xi1 Zhou1], and is also known as the "God of Dreams" |
| 翼 | Yì | surname Yi / alternative name for 絳|绛[Jiang4], the capital of the Jin State during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-475 BC) |
| 赵 | Zhào | surname Zhao / one of the seven states during the Warring States period (476-220 BC) / the Former Zhao 前趙|前赵[Qian2 Zhao4] (304-329) and Later Zhao 後趙|后赵[Hou4 Zhao4] (319-350), states of the Sixteen Kingdoms |
| 直 | Zhí | surname Zhi / Zhi (c. 2000 BC), fifth of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝[Yan2di4] descended from Shennong 神農|神农[Shen2nong2] Farmer God |
| 春秋 | Chūn qiū | Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) / Spring and Autumn Annals, chronicle of Lu State (722-481 BC) |
| 夏 | Xià | the Xia or Hsia dynasty c. 2000 BC / Xia of the Sixteen Kingdoms (407-432) / surname Xia |
| 启 | Qǐ | Qi son of Yu the Great 禹[Yu3], reported founder of the Xia Dynasty 夏朝[Xia4 Chao2] (c. 2070-c. 1600 BC) |
| 绛 | Jiàng | capital of the Jin State during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-475 BC) |
| 战国 | Zhàn guó | the Warring States period (475-221 BC) |
| 孙子 | Sūn zǐ | Sun Tzu, also known as Sun Wu 孫武|孙武[Sun1 Wu3] (c. 500 BC, dates of birth and death uncertain), general, strategist and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period (700-475 BC), believed to be the author of the “Art of War” 孫子兵法|孙子兵法[Sun1 zi3 Bing1 fa3], one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書|武经七书[Wu3 jing1 Qi1 shu1] |
| 薛 | Xuē | surname Xue / vassal state during the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC) |
| 姬 | Jī | surname Ji / family name of the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty 周代[Zhou1dai4] (1046-256 BC) |
| 神农 | Shén nóng | Shennong or Farmer God (c. 2000 BC), first of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝[Yan2 di4] and creator of agriculture |
| 孔子 | Kǒng zǐ | Confucius (551-479 BC), Chinese thinker and social philosopher, also known as 孔夫子[Kong3 fu1 zi3] |
| 函谷关 | Hán gǔ Guān | Hangu Pass in modern day Henan Province, strategic pass forming the eastern gate of the Qin State during the Warring States Period (770-221 BC) |
| 承 | Chéng | surname Cheng / Cheng (c. 2000 BC), third of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝[Yan2 di4] descended from Shennong 神農|神农[Shen2 nong2] Farmer God |
| 汉 | Hàn | Han ethnic group / Chinese (language) / the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) |
| 纵横 | zòng héng | lit. warp and weft in weaving; vertically and horizontal / length and breadth / criss-crossed / able to move unhindered / abbr. for 合縱連橫|合纵连横[He2 zong4 Lian2 heng2], School of Diplomacy during the Warring States Period (475-221 BC) |
| 狄 | Dí | surname Di / generic name for northern ethnic minorities during the Qin and Han Dynasties (221 BC-220 AD) |