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| 前 | qián | front / forward / ahead / first / top (followed by a number) / future / ago / before / BC (e.g. 前293年) / former / formerly |
| 儒家 | Rú jiā | Confucian school, founded by Confucius 孔子[Kong3 zi3] (551-479 BC) and Mencius 孟子[Meng4 zi3] (c. 372-c. 289 BC) |
| 周 | Zhōu | surname Zhou / Zhou Dynasty (1046–256 BC) |
| 公元前 | gōng yuán qián | BCE (before the Common Era) / BC (before Christ) |
| 汉 | Hàn | Han ethnic group / Chinese (language) / the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) |
| 老子 | Lǎo zǐ | Laozi or Lao-tze (c. 500 BC), Chinese philosopher, the founder of Taoism / the sacred book of Daoism, 道德經|道德经[Dao4 de2 jing1] by Laozi |
| 夏 | Xià | the Xia or Hsia dynasty c. 2000 BC / Xia of the Sixteen Kingdoms (407–432) / surname Xia |
| 庄子 | Zhuāng zǐ | Zhuangzi (369-286 BC), Daoist author |
| 孙子 | Sūn zǐ | Sun Tzu, also known as Sun Wu 孫武|孙武[Sun1 Wu3] (c. 500 BC, dates of birth and death uncertain), general, strategist and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period (700-475 BC), believed to be the author of the “Art of War” 孫子兵法|孙子兵法[Sun1 zi3 Bing1 fa3], one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書|武经七书[Wu3 jing1 Qi1 shu1] |
| 孔子 | Kǒng zǐ | Confucius (551-479 BC), Chinese thinker and social philosopher, also known as 孔夫子[Kong3 fu1 zi3] |
| 商 | Shāng | Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC) / surname Shang |
| 国语 | Guó yǔ | Chinese language (Mandarin), emphasizing its national nature / Chinese as a primary or secondary school subject / Chinese in the context of the Nationalist Government / Guoyu, book of historical narrative c. 10th-5th century BC |
| 前汉 | Qián Hàn | Former Han dynasty (206 BC-8 AD), also called 西漢|西汉[Xi1 Han4], Western Han dynasty |
| 战国末 | zhàn guó mò | late Warring States period, c. 250-221 BC before the First Emperor's Qin Dynasty |
| 秦 | Qín | surname Qin / Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) of the first emperor 秦始皇[Qin2 Shi3 huang2] / short name for 陝西|陕西[Shan3 xi1] |
| 北京人 | Běi jīng rén | Beijing resident / Peking ape-man, Homo erectus pekinensis (c. 600,000 BC), discovered in 1921 at Zhoukoudian 周口店[Zhou1 kou3 dian4], Beijing |
| 楚汉战争 | Chǔ Hàn Zhàn zhēng | Chu-Han Contention (206-202 BC), power struggle between Liu Bang 劉邦|刘邦[Liu2 Bang1] of Han and Xiang Yu 項羽|项羽[Xiang4 Yu3] of Chu |
| 百花齐放，百家争鸣 | bǎi huā qí fàng , bǎi jiā zhēng míng | a hundred flowers bloom, a hundred schools of thought contend (idiom); refers to the classical philosophic schools of the Warring States period 475-221 BC, but adopted for Mao's campaign of 1956 |
| 合纵连横 | Hé zòng Lián héng | Vertical and Horizontal Alliance, opposing stratagems devised by the School of Diplomacy 縱橫家|纵横家[Zong4 heng2 jia1] during the Warring States Period (425-221 BC) |
| 战国时代 | Zhàn guó Shí dài | the Warring States period (475-221 BC) / Japanese Warring States period (15th-17th century) |
| 直 | Zhí | surname Zhi / Zhi (c. 2000 BC), fifth of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝[Yan2 di4] descended from Shennong 神農|神农[Shen2 nong2] Farmer God |
| 汉代 | Hàn dài | the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) |
| 东西周 | Dōng Xī Zhōu | Western Zhou (1045-771 BC) and Eastern Zhou (770-256 BC) |
| 三星堆 | Sān xīng duī | archaeological site of Sanxingdui outside Chengdu (Sichuan), exhibiting remarkable bronze artifacts from the 11-12th centuries BC |
| 楚 | Chǔ | surname Chu / abbr. for Hubei 湖北省[Hu2 bei3 Sheng3] and Hunan 湖南省[Hu2 nan2 Sheng3] provinces together / Chinese kingdom during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods (722–221 BC) |