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qián front / forward / ahead / first / top (followed by a number) / future / ago / before / BC (e.g. 前293年) / former / formerly
儒家 jiā Confucian school, founded by Confucius 孔子[Kong3 zi3] (551-479 BC) and Mencius 孟子[Meng4 zi3] (c. 372-c. 289 BC)
Shāng Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BC) / surname Shang
Qi son of Yu the Great 禹[Yu3], reported founder of the Xia Dynasty 夏朝[Xia4 Chao2] (c. 2070-c. 1600 BC)
Qín surname Qin / Qin dynasty (221-207 BC) of the first emperor 秦始皇[Qin2 Shi3huang2] / short name for 陝西|陕西[Shan3xi1]
Xuē surname Xue / vassal state during the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC)
Xià the Xia or Hsia dynasty c. 2000 BC / Xia of the Sixteen Kingdoms (407-432) / surname Xia
Ke (c. 2000 BC), seventh of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝[Yan2 di4] descended from Shennong 神農|神农[Shen2 nong2] Farmer God
Chén surname Chen / Chen (c. 1045 - 479 BC), a Zhou dynasty state / Chen (557-589), one of the Southern Dynasties 南朝[Nan2 Chao2]
Míng Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) / surname Ming / Ming (c. 2000 BC), fourth of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝[Yan2di4] descended from Shennong 神農|神农[Shen2nong2] Farmer God
周公 Zhōu gōng Duke of Zhou (11th c. BC), son of King Wen of Zhou 周文王[Zhou1 Wen2 wang2], played an important role as regent in founding the Western Zhou 西周[Xi1 Zhou1], and is also known as the "God of Dreams"
surname Yi / alternative name for 絳|绛[Jiang4], the capital of the Jin State during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-475 BC)
Wèi surname Wei / name of a vassal state of the Zhou dynasty from 661 BC in Shanxi, one of the Seven Hero Warring States / Wei state, founded by Cao Cao 曹操[Cao2 Cao1], one of the Three Kingdoms after the Han dynasty / the Wei dynasty 221-265 / Wei Prefecture or Wei County at various times in history
Hàn Han ethnic group / Chinese (language) / the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD)
Wèi surname Wei / vassal state during the Zhou Dynasty (1066-221 BC), located in present-day Henan and Hebei Provinces
Zhào surname Zhao / one of the seven states during the Warring States period (476-220 BC) / the Former Zhao 前趙|前赵[Qian2 Zhao4] (304-329) and Later Zhao 後趙|后赵[Hou4 Zhao4] (319-350), states of the Sixteen Kingdoms
Zhí surname Zhi / Zhi (c. 2000 BC), fifth of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝[Yan2di4] descended from Shennong 神農|神农[Shen2nong2] Farmer God
Shùn Shun (c. 23rd century BC), mythical sage and leader
春秋 Chūn qiū Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) / Spring and Autumn Annals, chronicle of Lu State (722-481 BC)
先秦 xiān Qín pre-Qin, Chinese history up to the foundation of the Qin imperial dynasty in 221 BC
Jiàng capital of the Jin State during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-475 BC)
surname Di / generic name for northern ethnic minorities during the Qin and Han Dynasties (221 BC-220 AD)
战国 Zhàn guó the Warring States period (475-221 BC)
孙子 Sūn Sun Tzu, also known as Sun Wu 孫武|孙武[Sun1 Wu3] (c. 500 BC, dates of birth and death uncertain), general, strategist and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period (700-475 BC), believed to be the author of the “Art of War” 孫子兵法|孙子兵法[Sun1 zi3 Bing1 fa3], one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書|武经七书[Wu3 jing1 Qi1 shu1]
国语 Guó Chinese language (Mandarin), emphasizing its national nature / Chinese as a primary or secondary school subject / Chinese in the context of the Nationalist Government / Guoyu, book of historical narrative c. 10th-5th century BC


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